Ligue 1

Ligue 1 (French: [liɡ œ̃]; lit. 'League 1'), officially known as Ligue 1 McDonald's for sponsorship reasons, is a professional association football league in France and the highest level of the French football league system. Administered by the Ligue de Football Professionnel, Ligue 1 is contested by 18 clubs and operates on a system of promotion and relegation from and to Ligue 2. Seasons run from August to May. Most games are played on Saturdays and Sundays, with a few games played during weekday evenings.

Ligue 1 was inaugurated on 11 September 1932 under the name National before switching to Division 1 after a year of existence. It continued to operate under that name until 2002, when it adopted its current name. Ligue 1 ranks fifth in the UEFA coefficient rankings as of 2025–26 based on performances in European competitions over the past five seasons, behind England's Premier League, Italy's Serie A, Spain's La Liga and Germany's Bundesliga.

PSG are the most successful club, with 14 league titles, and the current defending champions as of the 2026–27 season.

History

Foundation

Professionalism in French football did not exist until July 1930, when the National Council of the French Football Federation (FFF) voted 128–20 in favour of its adoption. Prior to this, the first division of French football was contested between 1894 and 1929 through an amateur league run by the USFSA.

The founders of professionalism in French football were Georges Bayrou, Emmanuel Gambardella and Gabriel Hanot. Professionalism was officially implemented on 11 September 1932.

In order to successfully create a professional football league in the country, the Federation limited the league to twenty clubs. In order to participate in the competition, clubs were subjected to three important criteria:

• The incoming club must have had positive results in the past.
• The incoming club must be able to pull in enough revenue to balance its finances.
• The incoming club must be able to successfully recruit at least eight professional players.

Many clubs disagreed with the subjective criteria, most notably Strasbourg, RC Roubaix, Amiens and Stade Français, while others like Rennes, due to fear of bankruptcy, and Lille, due to a conflict of interest, were reluctant to become professional. Lille's president, Henri Jooris, also chairman of the Ligue du Nord, feared his league would fold and proposed it become the second division of the new league.

Eventually, many clubs earned professional status, though it became more difficult to convince clubs in the northern half of the country; Strasbourg, Roubaix and Amiens refused to accept the new league, while conversely Mulhouse, Excelsior AC Roubaix, Metz and Fives accepted professionalism. In southern France, clubs such as Marseille, Hyères, Montpellier, Nîmes, Cannes, Antibes and Nice were extremely supportive of the new league and accepted their professional status without argument.

Establishment

• 1932–33 — Olympique Lillois
• 1933–34 — Sète
• 1934–35 — Sochaux
• 1935–36 — Racing Club de France
• 1936–37 — Marseille
• 1937–38 — Sochaux
• 1938–39 — Sète
• Further information: French football champions

The league's inaugural season of the all-professional league, called National, was held in the 1932–1933 season. The 20 inaugural members of National were Antibes, CA Paris, Cannes, Club Français, Excelsior AC Roubaix, Fives, Hyères, Marseille, Metz, Mulhouse, Nice, Nîmes, Alès, Lille, Racing Club de France, Red Star Olympique, Rennes, Sochaux, Sète and Montpellier.

The 20 clubs were inserted into two groups of 10 with the bottom three of each group suffering relegation to Division 2. The two winners of each group would then face each other in a final held at a neutral venue, which later turned out to the Stade Olympique Yves-du-Manoir.

The first final was held on 14 May 1933 and it matched the winner of Group A, Olympique Lillois, against the runner-up of Group B, Cannes. Antibes, the winner of Group B, was supposed to take part in the final but was suspected of bribery by the French Football Federation and was disqualified. In the first final, Olympique Lillois were crowned the inaugural champions following the club's 4–3 victory.

After the season, the league decided to retain the 14 clubs and not promote any sides from the second division. The league also agreed to change its name from National to simply Division 1. For the 1934–35 season, the league organised a legitimate promotion and relegation system bringing the total tally of clubs in the first division to 16. The number remained until the 1938–39 season.

The pre-war years were an open period in which several clubs had the opportunity to be crowned French champions. FC Sochaux-Montbéliard was the first club to win twice.

Because of World War II, football was suspended by the French government and the Ligue de Football Professionnel (LFP) although its member clubs continued playing in regional competitions. During the "war championships", as they are called, professionalism was abolished by the Vichy regime and clubs were forced to participate in regional leagues, designated as Zone Sud and Zone Nord.

Due to its non-association with the two leagues, the LFP and FFF do not recognise the championships won by the clubs and thus 1939–1945 is non-existent in the two organisations' view.

Post-war development

Following the conclusion of the war and the liberation of France, professional football returned to France. The first division increased its allotment of clubs to 18. This number remained until the 1965–66 season when the number was increased to 20.

The post-war period saw the emergence of new flagship clubs like Lille OSC and OGC Nice. Stade de Reims was the dominant club of the 1950s and early 1960s, which reached the European Champion Clubs' Cup final twice. Then, from the 1960s to the early 1980s, AS Saint-Étienne and FC Nantes dominated French football and engaged in a fierce rivalry at the top.

In the mid-to late 1980s, Girondins de Bordeaux established themselves as the main force of the French first league under manager Aimé Jacquet.

During the late 1980s and early 1990s, Olympique de Marseille were a dominant team, winning four consecutive league titles from 1988–89 to 1991–92, and starred Chris Waddle, Rudi Völler, and Ballon d'Or winner Jean-Pierre Papin, becoming in 1993 the first french club to win the UEFA Champions League. Later in the 1990s, several clubs have emerged at the top of the national and European scene, such as PSG with George Weah, David Ginola and Raí, the Nantes of Claude Makélélé and Japhet N'Doram, the Bordeaux of Zinedine Zidane, Bixente Lizarazu and Johan Micoud or the foreign-based club AS Monaco featuring Thierry Henry and David Trezeguet, who would both go on to be amongst the most prolific strikers in Europe.

Modern period

In 2002, the league changed its name from Division 1 to its current name, Ligue 1.

In the 2000s, Olympique Lyonnais established a dynasty, winning 7 consecutive titles (2002–2008) — an unprecedented run in French football. From 2009–2012, four consecutive different clubs won the league: Bordeaux in 2008–09, Marseille in 2009–10, Lille In 2010–11, and Montpellier in 2011–12. During this era, Lille's Eden Hazard emerged as the league's star player.

From 2012 onwards, the Qatar Sports Investments (QSI) takeover allowed Paris Saint-Germain to sign top players like Zlatan Ibrahimović, Thiago Silva, Neymar, Kylian Mbappé and Lionel Messi, ushering in an era of complete dominance that lead them to win 12 championships and 2 UEFA Champions League since then.

Ahead of the 2023–24 season, the number of teams in the league was reduced to 18; four teams in the 2022–23 Ligue 1 were relegated to Ligue 2 and only two teams in Ligue 2 were promoted to Ligue 1.

Format

Competition format

There are 18 clubs in Ligue 1. During the course of a season, usually from August to May, each club plays the others twice, once at their home stadium and once at that of their opponents, for a total of 34 games, though special circumstances may allow a club to host matches at other venues such as when Lille hosted Lyon at the Stade de France in 2007 and 2008.

Teams receive three points for a win and one point for a draw. No points are awarded for a loss. Teams are ranked by total points, then goal difference, and then goals scored. At the end of each season, the club with the most points is crowned champion. If points are equal, the goal difference and then goals scored determine the winner.

If still equal, teams are deemed to occupy the same position. If there is a tie for the championship, for relegation, or for qualification to other competitions, a play-off match at a neutral venue decides rank. For the 2015–16 season only, two teams were to be relegated and only two teams from Ligue 2 were to be promoted, but this decision was overturned and three teams were relegated and three teams promoted.

Thus, it was the 2016–17 season which saw the return of a relegation play-off between the 16th-placed Ligue 1 team and the third-placed team in the Ligue 2 on a two-legged confrontation, with the Ligue 2 team hosting the first game.

Previously, the league utilised a different promotion and relegation format. Prior to 1995, the league's format was direct relegation of the bottom two teams and a play-off between the third-last first-division team and the winner of the second-division play-offs, similar to the Dutch Eredivisie, and the German Bundesliga.

The league has also experimented with a "bonus" rule. From 1973 to 1976, a rule rewarded teams scoring three or more goals in a game with one extra point, regardless of outcome, with the objective of encouraging offensive play. The experience was ultimately inconclusive. At the start of the 2006–07 season, the league introduced an Attacking Play Table to encourage the scoring of more goals in Ligue 1 and Ligue 2.

The LFP, with the help of the former manager Michel Hidalgo introduced the idea to reward those teams who score the most goals. The table was similar to the previous idea, but was independent from the official league table and clubs were only rewarded with monetary bonuses.

In June 2021, the LFP voted overwhelmingly at its general assembly to contract Ligue 1 back to 18 clubs for the 2023–24 season by relegating four to, and promoting two from, Ligue 2 after the 2022–23 season.

European qualification

As of the 2023–24 season, as determined by the UEFA coefficient, the top four teams in Ligue 1 qualify for the Champions League, with the top three proceeding directly to the group phase. The fourth-placed team enters in the third qualifying round. The fifth-placed team qualifies for the UEFA Europa League, the sixth for UEFA Conference League.

The last Europa League place is determined through the country's domestic cup competition, the Coupe de France. If the cup winner qualifies for Europe through their league position, the seventh-placed team in Ligue 1 will qualify for the Conference League. If France is among the top two nations that earned the most coefficient points from a single season, an additional Champions League group phase spot will be awarded to the team in fourth place; as such the Champions League third qualifying round spot and all spots below will be pushed back one position.

Clubs

A total of 74 clubs have played in Ligue 1 from its foundation in the 1932–33 season to the start of the 2025–26 season. Currently, Marseille, Nice and Rennes are the only founding members of the league to be playing in Ligue 1. Paris Saint-Germain is the only club to have not suffered points relegation. They earned promotion to the first division for the 1974–75 season and have not faltered down since.

Paris Saint-Germain was administratively relegated by the league following its split from Paris FC in 1972, but returned to the top flight two seasons later. The league has been won on multiple occasions by Monaco, the presence of which within the league makes it a cross-border competition.

Internationally, the most well-known Ligue 1 clubs include Paris Saint-Germain, Marseille, Lyon, Monaco and Lille.

PSG are the most successful club with 14 league titles. Saint-Étienne was the first club with 10 titles. With the presence of 76 seasons in Ligue 1, Marseille holds the record for most seasons among the elite, while PSG hold the league record for longevity with 52 consecutive seasons (from 1974 to present). Nantes is the team with the longest consecutive unbeaten streak (32 matches) and the fewest number of defeats (one match) in a single season, doing so in the 1994–95 campaign.

In addition, Nantes also holds the record for the longest time without losing at home with a run of 92 matches from May 1976 to April 1981.

Members in 2026–27

The following 18 clubs are competing in the 2026–27 Ligue 1 season.